# FCC v. Consumers' Research June 27, 2025 Supreme Court decision holding, 6–3, that the FCC's Universal Service Fund does not violate the [[Nondelegation Doctrine]]. Justice [[Elena Kagan]] wrote for the majority and applied the long-standing "intelligible principle" test. Justices [[Brett Kavanaugh]] and Jackson concurred. Kavanaugh's concurrence argued that delegations to independent agencies are more suspect than delegations to the President, and that the [[Major Questions Doctrine]] and the end of Chevron already constrain broad delegations. Justice [[Neil Gorsuch]] dissented, joined by Justices [[Clarence Thomas]] and Samuel Alito. The decision ended, for now, the nondelegation revival that [[Gundy v. United States]] (2019) had seemed to promise. *Stub — expand with the private-nondelegation question and the Fifth Circuit en banc ruling below.*