# Furnifold Simmons Architect of North Carolina's 1898 and 1900 white supremacy campaigns as Democratic state party chairman, and the strategic mind behind the environment that produced the [[Wilmington Coup of 1898]]. Simmons organized the campaign around "men who could write, men who could speak, and men who could ride" — [[Josephus Daniels]]'s press, stump orators like [[Alfred Moore Waddell]], and the [[Red Shirts]]. After the 1900 disenfranchisement amendment locked in one-party rule, the "Simmons machine" controlled state politics for three decades while he sat in the U.S. Senate (1901–1931), eventually chairing the Finance Committee. *Stub — expand with: machine mechanics, 1900 campaign, Senate career, 1930 defeat after opposing [[Al Smith]].*