# Extended Producer Responsibility > [!note] Stub — fill out A policy principle (EPR) that makes manufacturers financially and operationally responsible for the end-of-life management of their products and packaging, internalizing disposal costs they otherwise externalize onto taxpayers and the environment — the polluter-pays principle applied to waste. Standard in the EU and spreading through U.S. states for packaging, electronics, batteries, and paint. Industry generally resists mandatory EPR in favor of voluntary stewardship and "advanced recycling" claims. Expand with the state-by-state packaging laws, the eco-modulation mechanism, and the industry-opposition record. See Recycling and the Circular Economy.